linux - ftp (1)
SYNOPSIS
ftp [-v] [-d] [-i] [-n] [-g] [host]
DESCRIPTION
Ftp is the user interface to the ARPANET standard File Transfer Protocol.
The program allows a user to transfer files to and from a remote network
site.
Options may be specified at the command line, or to the command inter-
preter.
-v Verbose option forces ftp to show all responses from the remote
server, as well as report on data transfer statistics.
-n Restrains ftp from attempting ``auto-login'' upon initial connec-
tion. If auto-login is enabled, ftp will check the .netrc (see be-
low) file in the user's home directory for an entry describing an
account on the remote machine. If no entry exists, ftp will prompt
for the remote machine login name (default is the user identity on
the local machine), and, if necessary, prompt for a password and an
account with which to login.
-i Turns off interactive prompting during multiple file transfers.
-d Enables debugging.
-g Disables file name globbing.
The client host with which ftp is to communicate may be specified on the
command line. If this is done, ftp will immediately attempt to establish
a connection to an FTP server on that host; otherwise, ftp will enter its
command interpreter and await instructions from the user. When ftp is
awaiting commands from the user the prompt `ftp>' is provided to the us-
er. The following commands are recognized by ftp:
! [command [args]]
Invoke an interactive shell on the local machine. If there
are arguments, the first is taken to be a command to execute
directly, with the rest of the arguments as its arguments.
$ macro-name [args]
Execute the macro macro-name that was defined with the macdef
command. Arguments are passed to the macro unglobbed.
account [passwd]
Supply a supplemental password required by a remote system
for access to resources once a login has been successfully
completed. If no argument is included, the user will be
prompted for an account password in a non-echoing input mode.
append local-file [remote-file]
Append a local file to a file on the remote machine. If
bye Terminate the FTP session with the remote server and exit
ftp. An end of file will also terminate the session and exit.
case Toggle remote computer file name case mapping during mget
commands. When case is on (default is off), remote computer
file names with all letters in upper case are written in the
local directory with the letters mapped to lower case.
cd remote-directory
Change the working directory on the remote machine to remote-
directory.
cdup Change the remote machine working directory to the parent of
the current remote machine working directory.
chmod mode file-name
Change the permission modes of the file file-name on the re-
mote sytem to mode.
close Terminate the FTP session with the remote server, and return
to the command interpreter. Any defined macros are erased.
cr Toggle carriage return stripping during ascii type file re-
trieval. Records are denoted by a carriage return/linefeed
sequence during ascii type file transfer. When cr is on (the
default), carriage returns are stripped from this sequence to
conform with the UNIX single linefeed record delimiter.
Records on non-UNIX remote systems may contain single line-
feeds; when an ascii type transfer is made, these linefeeds
may be distinguished from a record delimiter only when cr is
off.
delete remote-file
Delete the file remote-file on the remote machine.
debug [debug-value]
Toggle debugging mode. If an optional debug-value is speci-
fied it is used to set the debugging level. When debugging
is on, ftp prints each command sent to the remote machine,
preceded by the string `-->'
dir [remote-directory] [local-file]
Print a listing of the directory contents in the directory,
remote-directory, and, optionally, placing the output in
local-file. If interactive prompting is on, ftp will prompt
the user to verify that the last argument is indeed the tar-
get local file for receiving dir output. If no directory is
specified, the current working directory on the remote ma-
chine is used. If no local file is specified, or local-file
is -, output comes to the terminal.
disconnect A synonym for close.
globbing is turned off with glob, the file name arguments are
taken literally and not expanded. Globbing for mput is done
as in csh(1). For mdelete and mget, each remote file name is
expanded separately on the remote machine and the lists are
not merged. Expansion of a directory name is likely to be
different from expansion of the name of an ordinary file: the
exact result depends on the foreign operating system and ftp
server, and can be previewed by doing `mls remote-files -'
Note: mget and mput are not meant to transfer entire directo-
ry subtrees of files. That can be done by transferring a
tar(1) archive of the subtree (in binary mode).
hash Toggle hash-sign (``#'') printing for each data block trans-
ferred. The size of a data block is 1024 bytes.
help [command]
Print an informative message about the meaning of command. If
no argument is given, ftp prints a list of the known com-
mands.
idle [seconds]
Set the inactivity timer on the remote server to seconds sec-
onds. If seconds is ommitted, the current inactivity timer
is printed.
lcd [directory]
Change the working directory on the local machine. If no
directory is specified, the user's home directory is used.
ls [remote-directory] [local-file]
Print a listing of the contents of a directory on the remote
machine. The listing includes any system-dependent informa-
tion that the server chooses to include; for example, most
UNIX systems will produce output from the command `ls -l'.
(See also nlist.) If remote-directory is left unspecified,
the current working directory is used. If interactive
prompting is on, ftp will prompt the user to verify that the
last argument is indeed the target local file for receiving
ls output. If no local file is specified, or if local-file
is `-', the output is sent to the terminal.
macdef macro-name
Define a macro. Subsequent lines are stored as the macro
macro-name; a null line (consecutive newline characters in a
file or carriage returns from the terminal) terminates macro
input mode. There is a limit of 16 macros and 4096 total
characters in all defined macros. Macros remain defined un-
til a close command is executed. The macro processor inter-
prets `$' and `\' as special characters. A `$' followed by a
number (or numbers) is replaced by the corresponding argument
on the macro invocation command line. A `$' followed by an
`i' signals that macro processor that the executing macro is
for receiving mdir output.
mget remote-files
Expand the remote-files on the remote machine and do a get
for each file name thus produced. See glob for details on
the filename expansion. Resulting file names will then be
processed according to case, ntrans, and nmap settings.
Files are transferred into the local working directory, which
can be changed with `lcd directory'; new local directories
can be created with `! mkdir directory'.
mkdir directory-name
Make a directory on the remote machine.
mls remote-files local-file
Like nlist, except multiple remote files may be specified,
and the local-file must be specified. If interactive prompt-
ing is on, ftp will prompt the user to verify that the last
argument is indeed the target local file for receiving mls
output.
mode [mode-name]
Set the file transfer mode to mode-name. The default mode is
``stream'' mode.
modtime file-name
Show the last modification time of the file on the remote ma-
chine.
mput local-files
Expand wild cards in the list of local files given as argu-
ments and do a put for each file in the resulting list. See
glob for details of filename expansion. Resulting file names
will then be processed according to ntrans and nmap settings.
newer file-name
Get the file only if the modification time of the remote file
is more recent that the file on the current system. If the
file does not exist on the current system, the remote file is
considered newer. Otherwise, this command is identical to
get.
nlist [remote-directory] [local-file]
Print a list of the files in a directory on the remote ma-
chine. If remote-directory is left unspecified, the current
working directory is used. If interactive prompting is on,
ftp will prompt the user to verify that the last argument is
indeed the target local file for receiving nlist output. If
no local file is specified, or if local-file is -, the output
is sent to the terminal.
nmap [inpattern outpattern]
prevent this special treatment of the `$' character. All
other characters are treated literally, and are used to de-
termine the nmap [inpattern] variable values. For example,
given inpattern $1.$2 and the remote file name "mydata.data",
$1 would have the value "mydata", and $2 would have the value
"data". The outpattern determines the resulting mapped file-
name. The sequences `$1', `$2', ...., `$9' are replaced by
any value resulting from the inpattern template. The se-
quence `$0' is replace by the original filename. Additional-
ly, the sequence `[seq1, seq2]' is replaced by [seq1] if seq1
is not a null string; otherwise it is replaced by seq2. For
example, the command
nmap $1.$2.$3 [$1,$2].[$2,file]
would yield the output filename "myfile.data" for input file-
names "myfile.data" and "myfile.data.old", "myfile.file" for
the input filename "myfile", and "myfile.myfile" for the in-
put filename ".myfile". Spaces may be included in
outpattern, as in the example: `nmap $1 sed "s/ *$//" > $1'
. Use the `\' character to prevent special treatment of the
`$','[','[', and `,' characters.
ntrans [inchars [outchars]]
Set or unset the filename character translation mechanism.
If no arguments are specified, the filename character trans-
lation mechanism is unset. If arguments are specified, char-
acters in remote filenames are translated during mput com-
mands and put commands issued without a specified remote tar-
get filename. If arguments are specified, characters in lo-
cal filenames are translated during mget commands and get
commands issued without a specified local target filename.
This command is useful when connecting to a non-UNIX remote
computer with different file naming conventions or practices.
Characters in a filename matching a character in inchars are
replaced with the corresponding character in outchars. If the
character's position in inchars is longer than the length of
outchars, the character is deleted from the file name.
open host [port]
Establish a connection to the specified host FTP server. An
optional port number may be supplied, in which case, ftp will
attempt to contact an FTP server at that port. If the auto-
login option is on (default), ftp will also attempt to auto-
matically log the user in to the FTP server (see below).
prompt Toggle interactive prompting. Interactive prompting occurs
during multiple file transfers to allow the user to selec-
tively retrieve or store files. If prompting is turned off
(default is on), any mget or mput will transfer all files,
and any mdelete will delete all files.
primary control connection. Third party file transfers de-
pend upon support of the ftp protocol PASV command by the
server on the secondary control connection.
put local-file [remote-file]
Store a local file on the remote machine. If remote-file is
left unspecified, the local file name is used after process-
ing according to any ntrans or nmap settings in naming the
remote file. File transfer uses the current settings for
type, format, mode, and structure.
pwd Print the name of the current working directory on the remote
machine.
quit A synonym for bye.
quote arg1 arg2 ...
The arguments specified are sent, verbatim, to the remote FTP
server.
recv remote-file [local-file]
A synonym for get.
reget remote-file [local-file]
Reget acts like get, except that if local-file exists and is
smaller than remote-file, local-file is presumed to be a par-
tially transferred copy of remote-file and the transfer is
continued from the apparent point of failure. This command
is useful when transferring very large files over networks
that are prone to dropping connections.
remotehelp [command-name]
Request help from the remote FTP server. If a command-name
is specified it is supplied to the server as well.
remotestatus [file-name]
With no arguments, show status of remote machine. If file-
name is specified, show status of file-name on remote ma-
chine.
rename [from] [to]
Rename the file from on the remote machine, to the file to.
reset Clear reply queue. This command re-synchronizes command/re-
ply sequencing with the remote ftp server. Resynchronization
may be necessary following a violation of the ftp protocol by
the remote server.
restart marker
Restart the immediately following get or put at the indicated
marker. On UNIX systems, marker is usually a byte offset into
the file.
send local-file [remote-file]
A synonym for put.
sendport Toggle the use of PORT commands. By default, ftp will at-
tempt to use a PORT command when establishing a connection
for each data transfer. The use of PORT commands can prevent
delays when performing multiple file transfers. If the PORT
command fails, ftp will use the default data port. When the
use of PORT commands is disabled, no attempt will be made to
use PORT commands for each data transfer. This is useful for
certain FTP implementations which do ignore PORT commands
but, incorrectly, indicate they've been accepted.
site arg1 arg2 ...
The arguments specified are sent, verbatim, to the remote FTP
server as a SITE command.
size file-name
Return size of file-name on remote machine.
status Show the current status of ftp.
struct [struct-name]
Set the file transfer structure to struct-name. By default
``stream'' structure is used.
sunique Toggle storing of files on remote machine under unique file
names. Remote ftp server must support ftp protocol STOU com-
mand for successful completion. The remote server will re-
port unique name. Default value is off.
system Show the type of operating system running on the remote ma-
chine.
tenex Set the file transfer type to that needed to talk to TENEX
machines.
trace Toggle packet tracing.
type [type-name]
Set the file transfer type to type-name. If no type is speci-
fied, the current type is printed. The default type is net-
work ASCII.
umask [newmask]
Set the default umask on the remote server to newmask. If
newmask is ommitted, the current umask is printed.
user user-name [password] [account]
Identify yourself to the remote FTP server. If the password
is not specified and the server requires it, ftp will prompt
fault, verbose is on.
? [command]
A synonym for help.
Command arguments which have embedded spaces may be quoted with quote `"'
marks.
ABORTING A FILE TRANSFER
To abort a file transfer, use the terminal interrupt key (usually Ctrl-
C). Sending transfers will be immediately halted. Receiving transfers
will be halted by sending a ftp protocol ABOR command to the remote serv-
er, and discarding any further data received. The speed at which this is
accomplished depends upon the remote server's support for ABOR process-
ing. If the remote server does not support the ABOR command, an `ftp>'
prompt will not appear until the remote server has completed sending the
requested file.
The terminal interrupt key sequence will be ignored when ftp has complet-
ed any local processing and is awaiting a reply from the remote server.
A long delay in this mode may result from the ABOR processing described
above, or from unexpected behavior by the remote server, including viola-
tions of the ftp protocol. If the delay results from unexpected remote
server behavior, the local ftp program must be killed by hand.
FILE NAMING CONVENTIONS
Files specified as arguments to ftp commands are processed according to
the following rules.
1. If the file name `-' is specified, the stdin (for reading) or stdout
(for writing) is used.
2. If the first character of the file name is `|', the remainder of the
argument is interpreted as a shell command. Ftp then forks a shell,
using popen(3) with the argument supplied, and reads (writes) from
the stdout (stdin). If the shell command includes spaces, the argu-
ment must be quoted; e.g. ``" ls -lt"''. A particularly useful ex-
ample of this mechanism is: ``dir more''.
3. Failing the above checks, if ``globbing'' is enabled, local file
names are expanded according to the rules used in the csh(1); c.f.
the glob command. If the ftp command expects a single local file
(.e.g. put), only the first filename generated by the "globbing"
operation is used.
4. For mget commands and get commands with unspecified local file
names, the local filename is the remote filename, which may be al-
tered by a case, ntrans, or nmap setting. The resulting filename
may then be altered if runique is on.
5. For mput commands and put commands with unspecified remote file
names, the remote filename is the local filename, which may be al-
The .netrc file contains login and initialization information used by the
auto-login process. It resides in the user's home directory. The fol-
lowing tokens are recognized; they may be separated by spaces, tabs, or
new-lines:
machine name
Identify a remote machine name. The auto-login process searches
the .netrc file for a machine token that matches the remote ma-
chine specified on the ftp command line or as an open command
argument. Once a match is made, the subsequent .netrc tokens
are processed, stopping when the end of file is reached or an-
other machine or a default token is encountered.
default This is the same as machine name except that default matches
any name. There can be only one default token, and it must be
after all machine tokens. This is normally used as:
default login anonymous password user@site
thereby giving the user automatic anonymous ftp login to ma-
chines not specified in .netrc. This can be overridden by using
the -n flag to disable auto-login.
login name
Identify a user on the remote machine. If this token is pre-
sent, the auto-login process will initiate a login using the
specified name.
password string
Supply a password. If this token is present, the auto-login
process will supply the specified string if the remote server
requires a password as part of the login process. Note that if
this token is present in the .netrc file for any user other
than anonymous, ftp will abort the auto-login process if the
.netrc is readable by anyone besides the user.
account string
Supply an additional account password. If this token is pre-
sent, the auto-login process will supply the specified string
if the remote server requires an additional account password,
or the auto-login process will initiate an ACCT command if it
does not.
macdef name
Define a macro. This token functions like the ftp macdef com-
mand functions. A macro is defined with the specified name;
its contents begin with the next .netrc line and continue until
a null line (consecutive new-line characters) is encountered.
If a macro named init is defined, it is automatically executed
as the last step in the auto-login process.
ENVIRONMENT
remote server.
An error in the treatment of carriage returns in the 4.2BSD ascii-mode
transfer code has been corrected. This correction may result in incor-
rect transfers of binary files to and from 4.2BSD servers using the ascii
type. Avoid this problem by using the binary image type.
4.2 Berkeley Distribution July 30, 1991 10